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ROOTS OF ZOOLOGICAL WORDS FOR ANATOMY STUDENTS
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| a- |
without, not, negative
(asexual, atrophy, asymmetry) |
| ab- |
away from (aboral,
abductor, absorption) |
| ad-, af-, an-, at- |
to or toward (adrenal,
adductor, adaptation, afferent, atrium) |
| adipo- |
fat (adipose) |
| aero- |
air, gas, oxygen (aerobic,
anaerobic, aerial) |
| alba- |
white (albicans) |
| ambi-, amphi- |
both, double (ambidextrous,
amphibian, amphioxus, amphicoelous |
| ana- |
apart (anaphase) |
| ante-, antero- |
before, previous to
(anterior, anteroposterior) |
| anti- |
against (antibody, antimere) |
| arthro- |
joint (arthropod,
arthritis) |
| auto- |
self (autoimmune,
autonomic, autosome, autonomy) |
| bio- |
life, live (biology,
biogenesis, biogeography) |
| bis-, bi- |
two, double (bisect,
bivalve, biramous, bilateral) |
| blast- |
germ (blastoderm, blastula) |
| brachi- |
arm (brachial, brachiopoda) |
| -brevis |
short (peroneus brevis) |
| bronchi- |
windpipe (bronchiole) |
| -bulla |
blister (tympanic bulla) |
| capit |
head (rectus capitis) |
| cata- |
down (catabolism) |
| cauda- |
tail (caudal, caudata) |
| cephalo-, cranio- |
head (cephalothorax,
cephalic, craniosacral) |
| chemo- |
chemical (chemoreceptor) |
| chondr- |
cartilage, granule (chondrocyte,
mitochondrion) |
| circum- |
around, about (circumpharyngeal) |
| -clast |
to break (osteoclast) |
| co- |
with, together (coenzyme,
commensal, convergent) |
| -cost |
rib (intercostal) |
| -cox |
hip (os coxae) |
| cruci- |
cross (cruciate) |
| cubit- |
elbow (cubital) |
| cyto- |
cell (cytology, cytoplasm,
spermatocyte) |
| de-, des- |
from, away, lost
(dehydration, descending) |
| delta- |
triangle (deltoideus) |
| dent- |
tooth (dentine) |
| derm- |
skin (dermal, ectoderm,
echinoderm) |
| dextr- |
right hand (dextrin) |
| di- |
two, double (dihybrid,
dimorphic, diencephalon) |
| dia- |
across, through (diaphragm) |
| diplo- |
double (diploid) |
| -duct |
lead (oviduct, duct) |
| duo- |
two (duodenum) |
| dura- |
hard (dura mater) |
| e-, ex-, ef- |
out of, from (efferent,
excurrent, excretion) |
| ecto- |
on the outside of, outer
(ectoderm, ectoparasite) |
| ella-, -ium, -olus, -olum,
-culus, -culum, -cle, -cule |
these are diminutives, i.e.
the signify a small thing |
| en-, endo- |
in, inside (endoderm) |
| entero- |
intestine, gut (enteric,
archenteron) |
| epi- |
upon, above (epigenesis,
epithelium, epidermis) |
| erythro- |
red (erythrocyte) |
| eu- |
true, well, real (eucaryote) |
| ex-, extra- |
beyond, additional, outside
of (excretion, extracellular) |
| -fer |
bear, carry, possess (porifera,
rotifera, afferent) |
| -flex |
bending, turning (reflex,
circumflex) |
| -gaster- |
stomach (gastrula,
gastropoda, gastric) |
| gene-, gen- |
producing (genetic) |
| -glossa- |
tongue (hypoglossal,
genioglossus) |
| haplo- |
single, simple (haploid) |
| hem-, heme- |
blood (hemoglobin, hematoma) |
| hemi- |
half (hemisphere,
hemichordate) |
| hepato- |
liver (hepatic) |
| hetero- |
other, different
(heterozygous, heterogamy) |
| histo- |
tissue (histology) |
| holo- |
entire, whole (holocrine,
holoblastic, holozoic) |
| homo- |
alike, same, equal
(homozygous, homology) |
| hydro-, hygro- |
water (hydrolysis) |
| hyper- |
above (hyperthyroid,
hyperkinetic) |
| hypo- |
under (hypovolemic,
hypodermic) |
| -ia, -id, -osis, -tion, -y- |
state of, condition
(myopia, gravid) |
| im-, in- |
in (implant, ingest,
inherit) |
| infra- |
below (infrared,
infraspinatus) |
| inter- |
between (intercostal,
intervertebral) |
| intra-, intro- |
into (intracellular,
introduction) |
| iso- |
same, equal to (isothermic,
isotonic) |
| -ist, -or, -er, -ite |
agent of (anatomist) |
| itis- |
inflammation (gastritis,
neuritis, hepatitis) |
| lact- |
milk (lactation) |
| later-, latus- |
side (lateral) |
| leuco- |
white (leucocyte) |
| lingua- |
tongue (lingual) |
| lympho-, lyo- |
water (lymph, lymphocyte) |
| macro- |
large (macroscopic,
macrophage) |
| maxilla- |
jaw (maxilliped, maxilla) |
| meso- |
middle (mesoderm,
mesothorax, mesonephros) |
| meta- |
between, beyond, after (metamere,
metanephros, metaphase) |
| micro- |
small (microscopic,
microbe) |
| mito- |
thread (mitosis,
mitochondria) |
| mono- |
one, single (monocyte,
monoecious) |
| -morph- |
form (morphogenesis,
morphology, metamorphosis) |
| myo- |
muscle (myoglobin,
myocardium myoseptum) |
| necro- |
dead (necropsy) |
| neo- |
new (neotony, neoplasm) |
| nephro- |
kidney (nephrostome,
nephridia, metanephros, nephron) |
| neuro- |
nerve (neurology) |
| nom-, -onomy |
name (taxonomy,
nomenclature) |
| nuc- |
nut (nucleus) |
| o-, ovo- |
egg (oviduct, ovary) |
| ob- |
in front of, inverse
(observe, obstruct) |
| -oid |
resemblance (hydroid,
mucoid) |
| oligo- |
few (oligocere,
oligodendrocyte) |
| ortho- |
straight (orthogenesis,
orthodontics) |
| osse-, ost-, os- |
bone (periosteum,
osteoblast) |
| para- |
side by side, near
(parathyroid, parasite) |
| pariet- |
wall (parietal) |
| -ped |
foot (biped) |
| peri- |
around (pericardium,
peritoneum) |
| -phage, phag |
to eat (phagocyte,
sarcophagus) |
| -phile |
to love, require,
attraction (eosinophile, hemophilia) |
| photo- |
light (photosynthesis) |
| -physis |
to grow (epiphysis) |
| -plasm, -plast |
anything formed
(protoplasm, plasma, plasmodium) |
| -pleur- |
side (pleurisy) |
| pod-, ped- |
foot (tetrapod, podiatry) |
| poly- |
many (polynucleate,
polymorphic) |
| post-, postero- |
after, hind part
(posterior) |
| pre- |
before (preview,
predominate) |
| -proctum- |
anus (proctodeum) |
| proto- |
first (protoplasm,
protozoa, prototype) |
| pseudo- |
false (pseudopod) |
| -pteron, -pter |
wing (coleoptera,diptera,
chiroptera) |
| pulmo- |
lung (pulmonary) |
| quadr- |
four (quadruped) |
| re-, retro- |
again, turn back, turn
again (reflex, regenerate) |
| rect- |
straight (rectus abdominis) |
| ren- |
kidney (renal) |
| -rhage, -rhea |
flow (hemorrhage) |
| sagitta- |
arrow (sagittal) |
| sarc- |
flesh (sarcophytic,
sarcoplasm) |
| scler- |
hard (sclera, sclerotic) |
| -sect |
to cut (dissect) |
| semi- |
half, part way
(semicircular) |
| septa- |
wall (septum) |
| soma- |
body (somite, somatic) |
| -stasis |
stop, stand (homeostasis,
bacteriostasis) |
| stom- |
mouth (stomata, nephrostome,
cytostome) |
| sub- |
under, below (suborder,
submarine) |
| super-, supra- |
over, above, beyond (superorder,
suprascapular) |
| sym-, syn- |
together, resemble
(symbiosis, synapse, syncytium) |
| tel-, tele- |
far, distant (telescope,
telophase) |
| teres- |
round (teres minor) |
| tetra- |
four (tetrapod) |
| thyro- |
door, shield (thyroid) |
| -tom |
to cut (microtome, anatomy) |
| tri- |
three (tricuspid) |
| -troph |
nourishment, growth, food (gonadotrophic,
tropism) |
| uni- |
one (unicellular) |
| vaso- |
vessel (vasoconstrictor) |
| villi- |
shaggy (microvilli) |
| vita- |
life (vital) |
| zoo- |
animal (zoology, holozoic,
protozoa) |
| zygo- |
join, united, yoked
together (zygote, heterozygous) |
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